Should a Top Russian Archaeologist Face Trial for Digging in Occupied Crimea?
A prominent Russian archaeologist detained in Poland has ignited a fierce debate about the ethical responsibilities of experts during wartime. Alexander Butyagin, arrested in Warsaw, is awaiting a court decision regarding a Ukrainian extradition request. Historically, European courts have been hesitant to extradite individuals to Ukraine, citing considerations under the European Convention on Human Rights.
The Controversial Role of Alexander Butyagin
– Background: A senior scholar affiliated with the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Butyagin has led excavations at Myrmekion in Crimea since 1999. This work predates Russia’s controversial annexation of Crimea in 2014.
– Support for Butyagin: Advocates assert that his research has played a crucial role in preserving Crimea’s ancient heritage.
– Criticism: Conversely, critics label him a looter, accusing him of exploiting the ongoing conflict for his archaeological pursuits.
Myrmekion: A Historical Site
– Heritage Significance: Myrmekion, founded in the 6th Century BC by Ancient Greeks, is rich in history. Butyagin’s team has unearthed numerous artifacts, including coins dating back to the era of Alexander the Great.
– Legal Challenges: Ukrainian authorities have charged Butyagin with conducting excavations without appropriate authorization, given that Crimea is under Russian occupation.
Legal Framework and Ethical Considerations
– Hague Convention: Under the 2nd Protocol of the Hague Convention, occupying forces are prohibited from conducting archaeological excavations, barring certain exceptions. Importantly, both Poland and Ukraine are signatories to this convention, while Russia is not.
– Expert Opinions: Evelina Kravchenko, a senior researcher at the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, asserts that Butyagin’s actions constitute a violation of the Hague Convention. All his problems stem from that, she states.
Perspectives on Butyagin’s Excavations
– Defense: Butyagin has contended that he is committed to preserving archaeological sites, claiming he operates within the legal framework. The Hermitage asserts that all excavation efforts are compliant with international legal and ethical norms, despite geopolitical tensions.
– Critics’ View: Claims of looting have surfaced, with assertions that items collected by Butyagin were sent to Russia. However, these accusations are not part of the formal case against him. The Hermitage maintains that all discoveries remain in Crimea and that items might only be temporarily relocated to Russia for conservation.
The Extradition Dilemma
– Polish Courts: Despite multiple requests from Ukraine, European courts, including those in Poland, have been reluctant to allow extraditions, citing concerns over potential human rights violations.
– Legal Experts’ Opinions: Gleb Bogush, a researcher at the Institute for International Peace and Security Law, suggests that Butyagin’s actions may not place him at the forefront of responsibility, positing that the Russian state bears more culpability for allowing such excavations.
Public Support and Opposition
– Support From Unexpected Quarters: Butyagin has garnered backing not only from Kremlin supporters but also from Russians opposed to the war. Critics of his prosecution label the charges as absurd, asserting that his work has helped prevent national heritage from falling into the hands of looters.
– Counterarguments: Leading criminologist Samuel Andrew Hardy argues that official excavations do not fully deter illicit activities, raising concerns that the justification for continuing excavations amidst conflict is fundamentally flawed.
In conclusion, Alexander Butyagin’s situation raises pivotal questions about the intersection of archaeology, ethics, and war. As courts deliberate his extradition, the case epitomizes the complex dynamics between cultural preservation and geopolitical conflict in occupied territories like Crimea. The ongoing legal and moral debate underscores the urgent need for accountability and the protection of heritage in times of turmoil.